Engineering Resources

Better drawings. Better parts. Lower cost.

A practical reference for design engineers and procurement: when to use which material, the DFM rules that actually save money, surface-finish ranges per process, and how tolerance choices drive cost. Built from 25+ years on the shop floor.

Tip: star ★ any card to pin it to your toolbox.

STRUCTURE: HCP / FCC

Ti-6Al-4V • Al 6061-T6

METALLURGY REF

01 · Materials

Material selection & properties

Side-by-side comparisons of 8 alloys we machine routinely — titanium, stainless, aluminum, alloy steel, Inconel, and PEEK. Mechanical properties, machinability, when to use which.

Ti-6Al-4V
316L / 17-4PH
6061 / 7075
4140 steel
Inconel 718
PEEK

Design for manufacturing guide

Wall thickness, hole depth-to-diameter ratios, internal corners, threads — the geometry rules that drive cost. Plus deep dives on CNC and Wire EDM specifically.

Wall thickness
Hole D:L ratios
Corner radii
DFM for CNC
DFM for Wire EDM

Heat treatment reference

Annealing, normalizing, hardening, tempering, solution treatment, aging, case hardening. Process selection by alloy with the AMS / ASTM specs to call out.

8 process types
4140 tempering curve
Solution + age table
Distortion notes

04 · Coatings & Finishes

Coatings & finishes

Anodize, plating, passivation, conversion coatings, powder coat, PVD, thermal spray. Material-specific tables, thickness scale, and design rules for build-up.

Anodize Type II / III
Hard chrome
Electroless nickel
Citric passivation
DLC / PVD

Surface finish reference

Ra ranges by process, when to specify polished vs as-machined, cosmetic vs functional finishes. Read this before you tighten the surface callout.

Ra ranges by process
Visual ladder 32 → 0.5 µin
Process map
Cost vs finish curve

Open reference →

POSITION TOLERANCE

⌖ | Ø 0.005 (M) | A | B | C

ASME Y14.5 SPEC

06 · Tolerances

Tolerances & cost

Tighter tolerances cost more — usually exponentially. See typical achievable tolerances per process, and where tolerance choices drive 80% of part cost.

Tolerance vs cost curve
ISO 2768 quick reference
GD&T basics
When to use FAI

Open reference →

PROCESS SELECTION

Mill • Turn • Swiss • EDM

DECISION TREE

07 · Processes

Choosing the right process

Mill, turn, Swiss, EDM, or hybrid? A practical decision guide based on geometry, volume, material, and tolerance — with capability and lead-time guidance.

3-axis vs 5-axis
Mill vs turn vs Swiss
Wire EDM use cases
Conventional follow-ops

Open reference →

Manufacturing process landscape

TPM ENGINEERING

08 · Process Landscape

Manufacturing process landscape

The full picture of how parts get made — machining, finishing, casting, forging, molding, additive. What we run in-house, what we coordinate, and when machining is the better call.

In-house vs coordinated
Casting / forging / extrusion
Molding / MIM / additive
When machining wins

09 · Standards & Glossary

Standards, specs & glossary

AS9100, AMS, ASTM, MIL-DTL, ITAR, DFARS, GD&T, AS9102 — what each spec body means and when it applies. Plus a 70+ acronym glossary for aerospace/defense drawings.

AS9100 / AS9102
AMS / ASTM / MIL
ITAR / EAR / DFARS
GD&T symbols
Acronym glossary

Open reference →

INTERACTIVE SHEETS

K-Factor • Ra • Tolerances

QUICK DFM BIBLE

10 · Cheat Sheets

Cheat sheets & infographics

Rigorous, interactive visual calculators and lookups for sheet metal bending, surface roughness classes, ASME tolerance multipliers, and GD&T compartments.

Bending & K-factor bible
Surface roughness spectrum
ASME tolerance cost ladder
GD&T symbol & FCF lookup

Open reference →

Interactive

Tools & calculators.

Live, no login, no download. Pure browser.

SELECTOR FILTER

Strength • Weight • Cost

DECISION SHIELD

Tool

Material selector →

Filter 14 alloys by strength, weight, temperature, corrosion, and cost. See how requirements trade against each other.

DFM drawing review →

Score your drawing against 32 manufacturability checks. Click items as you verify — see your score live before sending out for quote.

V = π · r² · h

Weight = Volume · ρ

CYLINDER / BOX WEIGHT

Calculator

Material weight →

Calculate part weight from box, cylinder, or tube dimensions across 13 alloys.

RPM = (SFM·12)/(π·D)

Feed Rate = RPM · N · IPT

SPEEDS & FEEDS

Calculator

Speed & feed →

Recommended SFM, RPM, and feed rate for milling, drilling, and turning across 12 materials.

1/4-20 UNC

Tap Drill: Ø 0.201" (#7)

75% THREAD DEPTH

Calculator

Tap drill lookup →

Tap drill diameters for UNC, UNF, metric coarse, and metric fine threads. Search or filter by series.

T = K · D · F

Preload = 75% Yield

FASTENER CLAMP PRELOAD

Calculator

Bolt torque →

Recommended assembly torque for SAE Grade 2/5/8, ISO 8.8/10.9/12.9, and stainless A2-70/A4-80 fasteners — adjusted for lubrication.

Material removal rate →

MRR (in³/min) for milling and turning. Includes spindle horsepower estimates for aluminum, steel, stainless, and Inconel.

REFRACTOMETER Brix

Target: 8.0% (8.5° Bx)

FLEXXCOOL MONITOR

Calculator

Coolant ratio →

Mix recipe for any sump size and concentration — split into concentrate and water with imperial / metric units.

Cycle time estimator →

Rough machining cycle time per part from envelope, removal %, material, and complexity. Planning-grade estimates across 24 alloys.

PRODUCTION COST

CNC: 38% • Mat: 22% • QA: 18%

COST BREAKDOWN COST

Calculator

Cost breakdown viewer →

Where the dollars go — interactive split of material / setup / cycle / inspection / overhead, with reference patterns for common part types.

SURFACE CONVERSION

Ra 32 = Rz 125 = Ra 0.8 µm

ROUGHNESS STANDARDS

Calculator

Surface finish converter →

Ra ↔ Rz ↔ RMS ↔ CLA — convert between roughness scales (µin and µm), with process-attainability table.

PIPELINE MILESTONES

Design ➔ Machining ➔ QA ➔ Ship

LEAD-TIME ANALYSIS

Calculator

Lead-time estimator →

Planning-grade lead time by part type, complexity, material, volume, and quality requirements. Phase-level breakdown.

STOCK CONTOUR

Finish Allowance: +0.060"

MACHINING BOUNDS

Calculator

Stock allowance calculator →

Per-side material allowance for finish-machining requirements. Inputs: nominal envelope, stock condition, surface finish, heat-treat plan.

DIFFUSION METRIC

Depth (mm) vs Hardness (HRC)

NITRIDING GRADIENT

Calculator

Case-hardening depth →

Effective case depth from carburizing, nitriding, induction, or flame hardening. Inputs: process, temperature, dwell time.

Cooling channel ΔP →

Pressure drop across a precision-machined cooling channel. Reynolds number, friction factor, and ΔP for HPC cold plates and heat exchangers.

RSS = √(Σ Ti²)

Compounded RSS: 0.0076"

ASSEMBLY CLEARANCE

Calculator

Tolerance stack-up →

Add up to 12 stacked dimensions and see worst-case (arithmetic) and statistical RSS accumulated tolerance. Assembly clearance and datum-stack analysis.

MMC BONUS VERIFICATION

⌖ | Ø 0.005 (M) | A | B | C

HOLE DATUM STACK

Calculator

True position with MMC bonus →

Multi-feature position verification per ASME Y14.5. Computes actual position, MMC bonus from feature-size departure, and pass/fail across up to 8 holes.

ΔL = α · L0 · ΔT

Al vs Ti CTE Mismatch

SATELLITE & CRYOGENIC

Calculator

Thermal expansion stack →

Predict assembly clearance and interference at operating T. Multi-segment, multi-material stacks with 25 alloys — for cryo, satellite, and hot-section design.

Thread engagement length

TPM ENGINEERING

Calculator

Thread engagement length →

Minimum tapped-hole engagement so the internal threads don't strip before the fastener fails — by thread size, bolt grade, and tapped material. FED-STD-H28 strength basis plus the diameter rule of thumb.

Bend allowance & K-factor

TPM ENGINEERING

Calculator

Bend allowance & K-factor →

Sheet-metal bend allowance, bend deduction, and flat-pattern length from thickness, inside radius, angle, and K-factor — with a gauge-to-thickness chart for steel, stainless, and aluminum.

Press-fit / interference fit

TPM ENGINEERING

Calculator

Press-fit / interference fit →

Lamé contact pressure, press/holding force, transmissible torque, hub stress, and shrink-fit ΔT from shaft/hub geometry, diametral interference, and material pair.

GD&T trainer quiz

TPM ENGINEERING

Tool

GD&T trainer quiz →

12 quick questions on symbols, datums, modifiers, and which control to use — instant feedback with ASME Y14.5 explanations. See how print-room-ready you are.

E = 16.5 Msi | Ftu = 130 ksi

26 Alloys spec Index

AMS/ASTM PROPERTIES

Reference

Material datasheets →

Per-alloy reference cards for 26 materials — mechanical, physical, machining, and finishing data per AMS/ASTM/MIL specs. Browser-printable to PDF for design reviews.

ANSI Y14.5 FRAME

Standard Drawing Notes

TEMPLATE LIBRARY

Reference

Drawing template →

Title block layout, standard notes, GD&T frame templates, and revision conventions. Copy-paste-able language for your drawing template.

KNOWLEDGE BASE

30 Engineering FAQs

SPEC & PROTOCOL SEARCH

Reference

FAQ →

30 common questions about file formats, materials, tolerances, lead times, AS9100/ITAR, FAI, and pricing — search and filter.

AL 6061 vs Ti-6Al-4V

Relative $/lb indices

Q1 2026 PRICING DATA

Reference

Material pricing →

Q1 2026 typical $/lb for all 24 materials we run, with cost-per-strength and cost-per-volume comparisons. Sortable bar charts.

Reference data

Tables & conversions.

Quick lookups for engineers and machinists — verified against published sources.

AMS spec cross-reference →

Aerospace Material Specifications by alloy, form, and condition — titanium, Inconel, 17-4PH, 4340, 6061, 7075, copper alloys. The most-cited specs for our 24-material catalog.

Hardness conversion →

Rockwell C, Rockwell B, Vickers, Brinell, and approximate tensile strength — converted per ASTM E140 for steel.

DRILL CALIBRATIONS

Letter F = Ø 0.2570" [6.53]

STANDARD DRILL CODES

Reference

Drill size chart →

Number, letter, fractional, and metric drills cross-referenced by decimal-inch equivalent. Sorted ascending — every standard size in one table.

THREAD GEOMETRY

UNC • UNF • Metric • NPT

THREAD DESIGN CRITERIA

Reference

Thread spec library →

UNC, UNF, metric coarse + fine, NPT, BSP, Helicoil — with major diameter and tap-drill recommendations for each thread.

ISO 286 SLIDING FITS

Clearance Limits H7 / h6

INTERACTION BANDS

Reference

Standard fits (ISO 286) →

Hole-basis preferred fits — H7/h6, H7/g6, H7/p6, H7/u6 etc. Tolerance bands, fit categories, and selection rules.

MASS EVALUATOR

Ti: 4.43 • Al: 2.70 • Fe: 7.85

DENSITY INDEX (g/cc)

Reference

Material density →

Density values for 75 engineering materials in g/cc, kg/m³, lb/in³ and lb/ft³, alphabetical for fast lookup. From magnesium (1.78) to tungsten (19.25).

CTE COEFFICIENTS

Invar: 1.3 • Ti: 8.6 • Al: 23.6

CTE INDEX (ppm/°C)

Reference

Thermal expansion (CTE) →

Linear coefficient of thermal expansion in ppm/°C and ppm/°F. From Invar (1.3) through engineering plastics (110+).

STIFFNESS SPECTRUM

Al: 10 Msi • Steel: 30 Msi

YOUNG'S MODULUS E (GPa)

Reference

Modulus of elasticity →

Young's modulus values in GPa and Msi. Use for deflection calculations, stiffness budgets, and material substitutions where stiffness — not strength — is the constraint.

CORROSION GRADIENT

Active (Anodic) ➔ Cathodic

GALVANIC INDEX (V)

Reference

Galvanic series →

Materials ranked anodic to cathodic in seawater. Use for dissimilar-metal corrosion analysis and sacrificial-anode selection.

STANDARDS ARTIFACTS

ASTM B348 • ASTM A276

MIL-DTL / ASTM CLASSED

Reference

ASTM + MIL spec library →

ASTM material and test specs, MIL-DTL/PRF/STD documents, DFARS clauses, AS quality standards — plain-English scope for each.

ASME Y14.5 SYMBOLS

⌖ Position • ⏥ Flatness

GD&T GLOSSARY MAP

Reference

GD&T symbols reference →

The full GD&T characteristic set — the 12 current ASME Y14.5-2018 controls plus concentricity and symmetry (withdrawn in 2018, still seen on legacy drawings) — with definitions, datum requirements, and examples.

Chip load chart

TPM ENGINEERING

Reference

Chip load chart →

Recommended carbide end-mill feed per tooth (in/tooth) by tool diameter across seven material groups, with the IPM = RPM × flutes × chip load relationship and radial chip thinning.

Countersink & counterbore chart

TPM ENGINEERING

Reference

Countersink & counterbore chart →

Countersink major diameters (82° inch, 90° metric, 100° aerospace) for flat-head screws, plus socket-head cap-screw counterbore diameters and depths.

Clearance hole chart

TPM ENGINEERING

Reference

Clearance hole chart →

Close, normal, and loose clearance drill sizes for inch (ASME B18.2.8) and metric (ISO 273) fasteners, with decimal-inch and mm hole diameters.

Welding symbols (AWS A2.4)

TPM ENGINEERING

Reference

Welding symbols (AWS A2.4) →

How to read a welding symbol per AWS A2.4 — reference line, arrow-side vs other-side, fillet and groove weld types, supplementary symbols, and dimension conventions.

Keyway & keyseat chart

TPM ENGINEERING

Reference

Keyway & keyseat chart →

Square and flat key sizes by shaft diameter per ANSI B17.1 + metric DIN 6885, with shaft keyseat and hub keyway depths, width fits, and a section-view diagram.

O-ring groove design chart

TPM ENGINEERING

Reference

O-ring groove design chart →

AS568 cross-sections with static radial and face gland dimensions per the Parker handbook — groove depth/width, squeeze %, surface finish, and gland-fill rules.

Comparisons

Material & process decision guides.

Side-by-side comparisons for the choices that drive cost.

NICKEL ALLOY MATRIX

718 (Strength) • C276 (Acid)

SUPERALLOY METRICS

Comparison

Inconel 718 vs Hastelloy C-276 vs Monel 400 →

Three nickel-based alloys for very different jobs — high-temp aerospace, aggressive chemistry, marine + cost. Side-by-side properties and decision rule.

AGING CONDITIONS

H900 (44 HRC) ➔ H1150 (33 HRC)

17-4PH STRENGTH METRIC

Comparison

17-4PH H900 vs H1025 vs H1075 vs H1150 →

Four common aging conditions for 17-4PH compared — strength, hardness, toughness, and stress-corrosion-cracking trade-offs.

AEROSPACE ALUMINUM

6061 (Mill) • 7075 (Strength)

DENSITY COMPARISONS

Comparison

Aluminum 6061 vs 7075 vs 2024 →

The three most-cited aerospace aluminum alloys. 6061 is the workhorse, 7075 the strength champion, 2024 the fatigue champion.

TOOLING STABILITY

MIC-6 Cast vs Wrought 6061

STRESS-FREE SELECTION

Comparison

MIC-6 vs ATP-5 vs 6061 plate →

Cast aluminum plate (stress-free) vs wrought 6061-T6 plate. When to pay 3× for stability vs structural strength.

NON-TRADITIONAL CNC

Wire EDM • Sinker • Laser

CAPABILITY OVERLAPS

Comparison

Wire EDM vs sinker EDM vs laser →

Three non-traditional cutting processes compared. Wire EDM for sharp corners and hardened material. Sinker for cavities. Laser for thin sheet and non-metals.

AXIS CONFIGURATIONS

Simultaneous 5-Axis vs 3+2

SURFACE CAPABILITY

Comparison

5-axis simultaneous vs 3+2 indexed →

Same machine, two strategies. Programming complexity, surface finish, cycle time — and why ~85% of 5-axis work runs better as 3+2.

GUIDE BUSHING RIGIDITY

Concentricity at L:D > 4:1

SWISS PRECISION STACK

Comparison

Swiss-type vs conventional CNC lathe →

The guide bushing is the differentiator. L:D ratio, volume thresholds, and concentricity requirements that determine which to specify.

ANODIZE SPECIFICATION

Type II (0.5 mil) vs Type III (2.0 mil)

MIL-A-8625 COATINGS

Comparison

Anodize Type II vs Type III →

MIL-A-8625 Type II (decorative) vs Type III (hard anodize). Thickness, hardness, color options, and dimensional growth.

PASSIVATION SPECS

Citric (C6H8O7) vs Nitric (HNO3)

ASTM A967 / AMS 2700

Comparison

Citric vs nitric passivation →

ASTM A967 / AMS 2700 Method 1 vs Method 2. Effectiveness, alloy compatibility, environmental impact, and selection guidance.

PRECISION COST CURVE

0.030" (1x) ➔ 0.0001" (10x+)

TOLERANCE MULTIPLIERS

Comparison

Tolerance vs cost ladder →

The eight-tier ladder from 0.030″ commercial through 0.0001″ jig-grinding work. Cost multipliers, processes, and example applications for each tier.

Machining guides

How to machine the difficult ones.

Cutting parameters, tool selection, coolant strategy, and pitfalls.

How to machine Inconel 718 →

Cutting parameters, tool selection (carbide / ceramic / CBN), coolant strategy, and common pitfalls. With case-study cross-reference.

How to machine Ti-6Al-4V →

Cutting parameters, tooling, coolant + chip safety (titanium fire considerations), and ELI / Grade 23 medical implant guidance.

17-4PH Stainless

AMS 5643 / Martensitic

SFM 120-180 / 44 HRC

Machining guide

How to machine 17-4PH →

Cutting parameters by aging condition (Condition A through H900). Process sequence — when to age, when to finish-machine, when to wire-EDM hardened detail.

How to machine 4140 →

Cutting parameters in annealed, normalized, and Q&T conditions. The alloy-steel workhorse — landing-gear shafts, defense fasteners, race-car suspension hardware.

4340 Alloy Steel

AMS 6415 / High-Strength

SFM 180-240

Machining guide

How to machine 4340 →

High-strength alloy steel for landing gear and aerospace structural fittings. Cutting parameters across conditions plus 300M variant guidance.

How to machine 316L →

Pharma, marine, and surgical-grade austenitic stainless. Work-hardening avoidance, sharp tool discipline, citric passivation, electropolish process order.

How to machine 304 →

General-purpose austenitic stainless. Faster than 316L (no Mo), same work-hardening discipline. Free-machining variant comparison.

A2 Tool Steel

ASTM A681 / Cold-Work

SFM 150-200 / 60 HRC

Machining guide

How to machine A2 tool steel →

Air-hardening tool steel for dies, punches, gages. Annealed cutting parameters plus the standard machine-then-heat-treat-then-wire-EDM sequence.

D2 Tool Steel

ASTM A681 / High-Chrome

SFM 120-160 / 60 HRC

Machining guide

How to machine D2 tool steel →

High-chromium die steel — wear-resistant in service, abrasive on tooling. Annealed parameters plus hardened-state EDM and grinding strategies.

Al 6061-T6

QQ-A-225/8 / Structural

SFM 1500-2500 / 0.01 IPT

Machining guide

How to machine 6061 →

The aerospace and structural workhorse. Polished-flute uncoated carbide, high SFM, flood or MQL coolant. Stress-relief and stability considerations.

Al 7075-T6

QQ-A-225/9 / High-Str

SFM 1200-2000

Machining guide

How to machine 7075 →

High-strength aerospace aluminum. Cutting parameters, T6 vs T7351 temper choice, and stress-corrosion-cracking considerations for marine and humid service.

4130 Chromoly

MIL-S-6758 / Structural

SFM 220-300

Machining guide

How to machine 4130 →

Chromoly — race-car frames, aerospace tubing, FAA-spec roll cages. Cutting parameters and the welding-first heat-treatment sequence.

17-7PH Stainless

AMS 5528 / PH Stainless

SFM 100-140

Machining guide

How to machine 17-7PH →

Semi-austenitic PH stainless — the toughest of the common stainless grades. CH/RH/TH conditions, machine-then-age sequence.

How to machine H13 →

Hot-work tool steel — die-casting cores, forging dies, plastic injection molds. Service hardness lower than A2/D2; conventional milling viable up to 44 HRC.

How to machine 2024 →

Classic aircraft skin alloy with outstanding fatigue resistance. Anodize quirks, alclad considerations, and SCC under sustained stress.

How to machine MIC-6 →

Stress-free cast aluminum plate. Optical mounts, metrology fixtures, vacuum hardware. Porosity and cast-structure considerations.

Mg AZ31B

ASTM B107 / Lightweight

SFM 800-1500

*CLASS D SAFETY

Machining guide

How to machine magnesium AZ31 →

The lightest structural metal — and the most fire-prone. Required Class D safety procedures, oil-based coolant, and chip handling.

Copper C110

ASTM B187 / ETP

SFM 400-600 / 99% Pure

Machining guide

How to machine C110 (ETP) copper →

Electrolytic tough pitch copper for vacuum, RF cavity, cryogenic, and electrical applications. Sharp polished tooling and built-up edge avoidance.

Brass C360

ASTM B16 / Free-Cut

SFM 600-1000 / 100% IDX

Machining guide

How to machine brass C360 →

The 100/100 machinability benchmark. Cutting parameters and the lead-content restrictions that rule it out for medical and food-contact work.

Bronze C932

ASTM B505 / SAE 660

SFM 350-500 / Bearing

Machining guide

How to machine bronze C932 →

Leaded tin bronze (SAE 660) — the bearing-bronze workhorse. Cutting parameters, surface finish for sliding-wear applications, press-fit allowances.

BeCu C172

ASTM B196 / Copper-Be

SFM 180-260 / *SAFETY

Machining guide

How to machine beryllium copper C172 →

Non-magnetic high-strength copper alloy. Mandatory beryllium safety procedures (HEPA filtration, PPE), Condition A vs aged cutting parameters.

Hastelloy C-276

ASTM B574 / Superalloy

SFM 70-100 / Acid-Res

Machining guide

How to machine Hastelloy C-276 →

Nickel-molybdenum-chromium superalloy — the worst-in-class machinability rating but unbeatable corrosion resistance. Same Inconel discipline, slower.

How to machine Monel 400 →

Nickel-copper marine and seawater workhorse. ~1/3 the cost of Inconel and 1/4 of Hastelloy — galvanically compatible with copper alloys.

How to machine PEEK / Delrin / Ultem →

Engineering thermoplastics. Sharp tooling, no coatings, chip evacuation, and the coolant restrictions that prevent stress crazing on PEEK and Ultem.

Equipment

Capability deep-dives.

What we run on each machine — sweet spot, fixturing, and when not to pick it.

5-AXIS TRUNNION MILL

Kitamura Mytrunnion 4G

PRECISION MILLING

5-Axis Mill

Kitamura Mytrunnion 4G →

Trunnion 5-axis with 24×24×19.7″ envelope. Sweet spot for aerospace brackets, medical housings, and 5-sided complex parts in titanium, 17-4PH, and Inconel.

SWISS-TYPE LATHE

Tsugami B0205-III 1-20mm

SWISS COMPONENT

Swiss-Type Lathe

Tsugami B0205-III →

1–20mm bar capacity Swiss-type with sub-spindle and Y-axis. Sweet spot for medical bone screws, aerospace electrical pins, and L:D >4:1 small-diameter precision.

5-AXIS WIRE EDM

Fanuc Alpha 1iD Submerged

SUBMERGED PRECISION

Wire EDM

Fanuc Alpha 1iD →

5-axis submerged wire EDM with rotary axis. The right tool for hardened tool steel dies, sharp inside corners, thin-wall flexures, and 0.0001″-class precision features.

See the full equipment list for every machine in the shop.

Our engineering principles

Three rules behind every recommendation.

Catch problems at design — not on the floor

We review every drawing for manufacturability before quoting. A 5-minute conversation up front routinely cuts 20% off finished part cost.

Tolerance only what matters

Cost scales with tightness. Specify the precision your application actually needs — not what your CAD package defaulted to.

Material is half the part cost

Stock cost, machining time, tool wear, and finish ops all change with material choice. We help customers pick the right one — sometimes that means challenging a spec.

A note on the data

Use these as a starting point — not a spec.

Material properties shown across these pages are typical published values from widely-recognized sources (ASM Handbooks, MIL-HDBK-5J, MatWeb, supplier datasheets). Actual values vary by mill, heat treat, and lot. For mission-critical applications, request a certified material test report (CMTR) for your specific lot, and confirm property requirements with the relevant aerospace, medical, or military spec.

DFM guidance, tolerance ranges, and surface-finish rules reflect what we typically achieve on our equipment. We’re happy to push past these limits when the application warrants — talk to us before redesigning around them.

Have a part you want to talk through?

DFM review is free. Send a STEP file or a sketch — we'll flag manufacturability concerns and suggest material/process options before you commit.

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